摘要： 2021考研初试12月26~27日进行，2021考研初试情况(点击查看》》2021考研初试真题及答案解析专题)，第一时间为考生提供考研真题答案及答案解析内容，同时考研考研教师将为考生...
2021考研初试12月26~27日进行，2021考研初试情况(点击查看》》2021考研初试真题及答案解析专题)，第一时间为考生提供考研真题答案及答案解析内容，同时考研考研教师将为考生提供视频直播解析。直播入口|考研真题答案专区
二、阅读理解A部分：
Text 1
How can Britain train operators possibly justify yet another increase torail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: everyJanuary the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extraburden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work orotherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lowerthan last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer PriceIndex(CPI) measure of inflation.
Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds thatthe cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by thosewho use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should acar-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidises the daily commute ofa stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails ofcommuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises,have received too much attention compared to those who must endure therelatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.
However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experiencedsome of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operatorstrumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengersshould be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums theyare now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikesrests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have beenworst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for thedisruption they have suffered.
The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum servicerequirement so that, even when strikes occur services can continue to operate.This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-runningproblems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengerswill not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure crampedunreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, orplanned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation mayhave been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justifiedanger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
21.The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengersfares_____.
A. will ease train operation’s burden.
B. has kept pace with inflation.
C. is a big surprise to commuters.
D. remains an unreasonable measure.
22.The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for_____.
A. car drivers.
B. rail travelers.
C. local investors.
D. ordinary taxpayers.
23.It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators_____.
A. are offering compensations to commuters
B. are trying to repair relations with the unions
C. have failed to provide an adequate service
D. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes
24. If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have toface_____.
A. the loss of investment.
B. the collapse of operations.
C. a reduction of revenue.
D. a change of ownership.
25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?
B. Constant Complaining Doesn't Work
C. Can Nationalization Bring Hope?
D. Ever-rising Fares Aren't Sustainable
【正确答案】21. D 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. D
【解析】
21. 本题考察作者对今年铁路旅客票价增长的看法，根据题干关键词this year’s increase in rail passengersfare定位的范围主要为第一段的前两句。第一句作者采用反问语气提出对于涨价合理性的质疑“铁路运营商如何证明又一次铁路旅客票价上涨的合理性呢?”其中justify一词的含义为“证明……合理”，突出涨价的“不合理”unreasonable，第二句冒号前的内容同样表明“涨价成为可怕而可靠的年度仪式”，突出该措施的持续性，对应D选项的remain“保持，仍然是”，故答案D选项“仍然是一种不合理的措施”为最佳选项。强干扰选项为A选项“将会减少铁路运营商的负担”，原文第二句冒号后提到，“(涨价)给别无选择只能利用铁路出行的人带来极大的额外的负担”，而A选项为偷换概念。B选项“涨价与通货膨胀同步”与原文第一段最后一句意思不同，原文意思是“涨价远高于通货膨胀率”。C选项说“涨价让通勤者们吃惊”与第二句冒号前reliableannual ritual “可靠的难度仪式”含义相反。
22. 本题考察第二段中股票经纪人在本文中代表的群体。根据题干关键词 stockbroker和paragraph 2定位到第二段第二句，“争论认为，为什么林肯郡驾驶汽车的退休人员应该补贴萨里郡股票经纪人的日常通勤?”根据第二句中具体地点林肯郡和萨里郡，可以得知，本句话实则是对第一句内容的具体举例说明，解题的关键是看例子证明的观点，也就是第一句的内容“历届政府允许涨价，理由是，投资和运营铁路网络的成本应该由使用它的人承担，而不是普通纳税人”，因而股票经纪人代表的是使用铁路出行的旅客，答案为B选项“铁路旅客”。而驾驶汽车的退休人员则对应的是A选项“汽车驾驶者“或者D选项“普通纳税人“。而C选项“当地投资者”在原文未提到。
23. 本题考查第三段中铁路运营商的做法。根据题干关键词 Paragraph 3 和trainoperators，可以将该题目定位到第三段第二句，“火车运营商极力赞扬他们对网络所做的改进，但是乘客应该能够期望他们现在为旅行支付的大量费用能够提供基本的服务水平”，根据but后的内容可以得知，铁路运营商没有给乘客提供最基本的服务，所以正确答案为C选项“没能够提供充足的服务”。虽然第三段其他语句提到过“罢工”“工会”“补偿”等，但是原文的意思是，通勤者们在铁路罢工中遭受了严重损失，工会应该为罢工负责，并且对乘客遭受的损失进行赔偿。A选项“铁路运营商正在提供赔偿”，时态错误，原文是应该给予赔偿;B选项“铁路运营商努力修复与工会的关系”，原文未提到;D选项“铁路运营商因为罢工遭受重大损失”是偷换概念，遭受损失的是铁路乘客。
24. 本题为细节推断题，“如果无法安抚乘客，铁路公司可能会面临……”根据题干关键词“if unable to calm downpassengers”可以定位到最后一段最后一句if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed inshort order.最后一句的意思为“国有化的威胁目前可能已经被消除，但是如果不迅速解决乘客合理的愤怒，它将卷土重来，”最后一句表明，铁路国有化可能会可能会再次因为无法解决旅客的问题而受到威胁，因而答案是D，铁路公司可能会面临“所有权变更”的问题。干扰选项为A“失去投资”。虽然倒数第二句提到“铁路需要投资，而乘客也不可能无限制地多付钱“，但是本句话不符合题干限定的如果不能安抚乘客这一关键词，所以A选项答非所问。
25.本题为主旨题，考查本文最佳标题。需要结合全文各个段落的主旨，第一段第一句，作者首先对铁路公司又一次的票价上涨提出质疑，第二段分析票价上涨的原因，第二段第一句onthe grounds that the cost of…“其根据就是由使用者也就是铁路旅客而不是普通纳税人承担铁路运营的费用“。第三段开头的however一词，提出作者对涨价理由的质疑，第三段指出尽管依靠铁路通勤的乘客付了高昂的乘车费用，但是却没有得到应有的服务，在铁路公司的罢工中，乘客们遭受很大损失。第四段第一句表明，政府承诺立法保障旅客得到基本的铁路出行服务，并且第四段还提到顾客不可能一直多付钱。综合四段主旨我们了解到，铁路公司票价上涨是不能一直持续下去的，故答案为D。而A选项“谁要为罢工负责”只是第三段的细节，C选项“国有化能带来希望吗”只是最后一句提到的细节，不能作为全文中心。
Text 2
Last year marked the third year in a row that Indonesia’s bleak rate ofdeforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be thecountry’s antipoverty program.
In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to itspoorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keepkids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers orCCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality andbreak the cycle of poverty They1 re already used in dozens of countriesworldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine tosubstantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. Infact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed asconflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns HopkinsUniversity.
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmentaldegradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated withgreater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. Theonly previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that hadinstituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got moremoney, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat,Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though.Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affectingdeforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in theworld and one of the highest deforestation rates.
Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to2012 — including during Indonesia’s phase — in of the antipoverty program—in7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. The duoseparated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, likeweather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. Withthat, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction indeforestation,” Ferraro says.
That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshiftinsurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rainsare delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement theirharvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplementtheir harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferrarosuggests the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless oftransferability, the study shows that what' s good for people may also be goodfor value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions aloneis more than the program costs.
26. According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to _____.
A. facilitate health care reform.
B. help poor families get better off.
C. improve local education systems.
D. lower deforestation rates.
27. The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that_____.
A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor
B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles.
C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers.
D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation.
28.In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out _____.
A. its acceptance level of CCTs.
B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation.
C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss.
D. the role of its forests in climate change.
29.According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable inthat _____.
A.it will benefit other Asian countries.
B.it will reduce regional inequality.
C.it can protect the environment.
D.it can boost grain production.
30. What is the text centered on?
A. The effects of a program.
B. The debates over a program.
C. The process of a study.
D. The transfer-ability of a study.
【正确答案】26.B 27.D 28.C 29.C 30.A
【解析】
26. 根据题干中的first two paragraphs和CCT定位到第二段第二句。题干问的是aimto，所以需要找的是目的信息，这部分信息在第二段第二句中由are designed to引出，即reduce inequality and break thecycle of poverty(减少不平等，打破贫穷循环)，这与选项B表述一致：help poor families get betteroff(帮助贫穷家庭改善经济)。A选项和C选项属于无中生有，文章并未提及health care reform(医疗改革)和educationsystem(教育系统)。D选项中的deforestation rates(毁林率)虽然和CCT项目有关，但并不是CCT项目的目的。
27. 根据题干中的Mexico可定位到第四段第三句。本题到例证题，故需要从例子前去找答案。根据定位句中的supported thetraditionalview可知Mexico例子是为了证明传统的观点，故需要往前找传统观点信息。上一句通过However引出的是最新观点，所以需要再往上找，上一句刚好是该段首句，很大概率是论点信息。再看内容：economicgrowth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting theenvironment is sometimes correlated with greaterpoverty(经济发展和环境发明的毁林是相关的，而保护环境有时意味着更贫穷)，和上文提到的传统观点是一致的，故可知是答案，可得正确答案D：economicgrowth tends to cause environmental degradation(经济增长往往导致环境破坏)。A选项的cattlerearing(养牛)出现在例子后，故不是答案。B选项CCT programs have helped preserve traditionallifestyles(CCT项目帮助保护了传统的生活方式)和C选项antipoverty efforts require the participationof local farmers(扶贫努力要求当地农民参与)皆属于无中生有，文章并未提到，故可排除。
28. 根据题干关键词Indonesia和Ferraro可定位到第五段，本题问的是Ferraro想要弄明白什么，和定位句中的Ferrarowanted to see意思一致，故可得答案“if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affectingdeforestation.”(是否印度尼西亚的扶贫项目正在影响毁林)，这一表述和C选项一致：the relation of CCTs to itsforest loss(CCT和森林损失的关联)。文章并未提到对CCT的接受度，所以A选项排除。文章也未提到扶贫年率和气候变化，故B和D也可以排除。
29. 根据题干关键词valuable可定位到第八段中的value，故该句为出答案的线索句。仔细阅读just for carbon dioxideemissions alone is more than the programcosts(仅仅二氧化碳排放量一项就超过的项目的花费)，可知该项目的价值在环境保护方面，和选项C一致，所以可选C：it can protect theenvironment(可以保护环境)。A选项提到的对其它亚洲国家的好处，文章提到只是一个guess，所以不能作为确定的价值，故排除。至于B选项的减少区域不平等在文章并未提及，故可以排除。D选项的增加粮食产量，是印尼推行这个项目的一个结果，作者并未表明是价值，故也可以排除。
30.这是一道主旨题。我们把每段中心句信息串联起来可得答案。首段：引出森林砍伐率和扶贫的关系。第二段：接胡搜啊印尼推行的CCT扶贫项目。第三段：CCT项目未考虑对环境的影响。第四段：传统的扶贫和环保相对立的观点可能未必正确。第五段：专家想要搞清楚两者的关联。第六段：专家对印尼情况的分析。第七段：CCT项目可能产生的结果。第八段：该项目在环保方面的价值。综合每段的核心信息可得，文章在探讨扶贫与环保关系时，分析印尼的扶贫项目及其产生的结果。所以，答案是A：Theeffects of aprogram(项目的影响)。针对CCT项目文章并未提到争论，故可以排除B。研究的过程文章并没说明，故可以排除C。该研究的可迁移性文章最后提出了这一设想，但并未得到验证，故也不是全文的主题。
Text 3
As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makesus re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographsthat show our Victorian ancestors smiling (what better way to shatter the imageof 19th-century prudery?). I’ve found quite a few, and — since I started postingthem on Twitter — they have been causing quite a stir. People have beensurprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh.They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as thehundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience oflaughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of’ Smiling Victorians’makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographicportraiture created between 1840 and 1900, the majority of which show sittersposing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, or staring absentlyinto the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposuretimes were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing animage on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete,resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs.The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical dutieswas too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became thenorm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction ofthe Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’sdigital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smileswere relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for anexplanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesygrin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victoriansaying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouthswere often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean,regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve ofthe super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lackedclass: drunks, tramps, and music hall performers might gurn and grin with asmile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not abecoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed ahearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be“nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”.
31. According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter
A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians.
B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies.
C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image.
D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography.
32. What does author say about the Victorian portraits he hascollected?
A. They are in popular use among historians.
B. They are rare among photographs of that age.
C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.
D. They show effects of different exposure times.
33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the1890s?
A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.
B. Their tension before the camera.
C. Their distrust of new inventions.
D. Their unhealthy dental condition.
34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictureswas
A. a deep-rooted belief.
B. a misguided attitude.
C. a controversial view.
D. a thought-provoking idea.
35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?
A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?
B. Why did the Victorians start to view photographs?
C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?
D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
【正确答案】31. A 32. B 33. D 34. A 35. A
【解析】
31. 细节题 关键词Paragraph 1;the author’s posts on Twitter
定位句之中的causing quite astir-引起了一场相当的骚动，而下一句开头并没有任何逻辑转折词，可以判定为顺祥逻辑，可以继续阅读进行信息补充：People have beensurprised tosee人们很惊讶的看到···超出了人们的固有认知。之后进行选项对比：A项，改变了人们对于维多利亚时期的印象，符合句意;B项“着重强调了社交媒体对于维多利亚时期研究的作用”——社交媒体仅出现了Twitter一个单词，并且是作为地点状语，并没有直接表达其产生了什么作用，故排除;C项“重新评估了大众对于维多利亚时期的印象”——此处并没有进行重新评估，而是简单展示了大众对于自己不了解的一面的惊讶;D项“展示了维多利亚时期摄影技术的发展”——与摄影有关的词汇仅在定位句之前出现了一次，并没有进行展开描述，定位句主要信息点并非摄影技术本身。
32. 细节题 关键词Victorian portraits定位至第二段，结合上文，作者表示“我的收藏仅占到非常小的一部分(only a tinypercentage)”，之后在插入语中进一步表示，1840-1900年代产出的大量摄影作品中，绝大部分都是人们“一脸苦闷或者僵硬的(miserably andstiffly)”，或者“心不在焉地盯着远方(or staring absently into the middledistance)”：本局重点，也是反复提及的点，仅在于人们的表情特征，进行了一个数量上的比较。对比选项可知：A项“在历史学家中很受用”并非本句主旨;B项在那个年代的照片中非常稀有，符合文意;C项“映射出了19世纪的社会习俗”，不符合本句主旨;D项“展示了不同曝光时间的作用”，本句并未出现，这是下一段的主旨。
33. 细节题 根据题干最明显的时间点1890s定位，该处试图阐释说当时技术水平已经可以比较轻松地捕捉笑容，所以并不能解释“为什么人不笑”，只能look elsewhere(找其他原因)。下一段句首“Oneexplanation might be”可知接上段继续阐述原因，逻辑上表示承继，可放心食用：该段主旨则是由于牙医技术的落后，牙齿卫生状况不好(通过lossof dignity through a cheesy grin虚伪的微笑会丧失尊严，以及下句“before the birth of properdentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state ofhygiene”在成熟的牙科技术诞生之前，人们的口腔卫生状况常常令人震惊)。段内没有转折，三句中有一句暗示，有两句反复强调“口腔卫生”这一关键词，逻辑上属于顺向。对比选项得知：A项“他们固有的社会敏感性”;B项“他们在镜头前的情绪”;C项“他们对于新发明的不信任”，三项皆与关键词不符，D项原文同义替换，“他们不健康的口腔状况”。
34. 例证题，根据关键词“MarkTwain”定位到最后一段，的后半部分。但英文文章中论点一般在例证之前，而论点正是解题所需的。最后一段第一句相对复杂，但以冒号可以明显分界，提取冒号之前句子主干“Atoothy grin··· lacked class”(露齿笑没有品位)加冒号之后but之后的重点“but it was not a becominglook for properly bred persons”(但是这种外表不适合一个举止得体的人)，这也是马克吐温在例证中的观点，坚信微笑不属于“上流人”。分析选项：A项一种根深蒂固的信仰，与原文没有较大出入;B项一种被误导的态度，原文中仅仅展示了马克吐温自身坚信的一件事，这个看法或许很消极但并没有被谁误导;C一种有争议的观点：此段中前后观点与例证统一，并没有产生争议;D项“一个引人深思的想法”并没有展示其启发性。
35.主旨题，重点在于总结文章大意，与选项那一道题目更加吻合。第一段作者介绍了自己的所作所为，一改大家对于维多利亚时期的印象，但第二段则马上说明，这只是一小部分，更多的图像仍然是大家一脸严肃的坐在那里，目中无神的眺望远方，阐明了自己的观点，统领下文;第三、四段按照时间顺序，阐述了曝光时间的影响，第四段最后承接第五段开始论述口腔卫生状况问题，最后通过马克吐温的例子表达人们对于露齿笑的偏见。综合来看，尤其是结合第二、五、六段首句，文章是对于为什么维多利亚时期人们拍照不喜欢笑这一主题进行解析。分析选项：A项为什么维多利亚时期照片中的人们看起来很严肃，涵盖大部分段落;B项为什么维多利亚时期人们开始查看照片，在文中毫无根据;C项是什么导致了摄影技术在维多利亚时期发展缓慢，发展缓慢本身仅在第三段中有所提及，但并未阐述原因;D为什么在照片中展露微笑成为了后维多利亚时代的标准，主题本身仅在维多利亚时代中进行阐述，时期不相符。
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From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-basedcompanies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadbandconnections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over theirrivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that wouldprevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preservingthe freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the Internet.
Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill in part because ofpush-back from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and thecourts. A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead ofproviding a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issuebefore the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was thelatest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality,adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The Republican penned order not onlyeliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had aDemocratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission's authority to requirebroadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that stateand local governments couldn't regulate broadband providers either.
The commission argued that other agencies would protect againstanti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate likeAT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix andApple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers thatimposed data caps on their rivals' streaming services but not their own.
On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 orderderegulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 thatupheld a similarly deregulating move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly arguedin a concurring opinion that "the result is unhinged from the realities ofmodern broadband service," and said Congress or the Supreme Court couldintervene to “avoid trapping internet regulation in technologicalanachronism.”
In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC's attempt to block all staterules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission's power to preemptindividual state laws that that undermine its order. That means more battleslike the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, whichenacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.
The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out forCongress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and forall to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network andto create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.
36.There has long been concern that broadband provides would_____.
A.bring web-based firms under control.
B.slow down the traffic on their network.
C.show partiality in treating clients.
D.intensify competition with their rivals.
37.Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC_____.
A.Sticks to an out-of-date order.
B.Takes an anti-regulatory stance.
C.Has issued a special resolution.
D.Has allowed the states to intervene
38.What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?
A.It protects against unfair competition.
B.It engages in anti-competitive practices.
C.It is under the FCC s investigation.
D.It is in pursuit of quality service.
39.Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’ sdecision_____.
A.focuses on trivialities.
B.conveys an ambiguous message
C.is at odds with its earlier rulings
D.is out of touch with reality.
40.What does the author argue in the last paragraph ?
A.Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.
B.The FCC should be put under strict supervision.
C.Rules need to be set to diversify online services.
D.Broadband providers, rights should be protected.
【正确答案】 36.C 37.B 38.B 39.D 40.A
【解析】
36. 本题的关键词是broadbandproviders定位于第一段第二句。第二句讲到：这就是为什么人们强烈要求制定规则，阻止宽带提供商(broadbandprovider)在网上挑选赢家和输家，从而保护自由和创新(innovation)，这是互联网的命脉(lifeblood)。结合第二句中的that’swhy...(这就是为什么......)指代前一句：从宽带的早期开始，消费者和网络公司(web-basedcompanies)的拥护者(advocates)就担心，销售宽带连接的有线电视(cable)和电话公司有能力和动机(incentive)偏爱(favor)附属网站(affiliatedwebsites)而不是竞争对手(rival)。结合两句理解，对比四个选项，C“偏袒客户”为最佳选项。选项A“控制网络公司”，虽然原文提到了网络公司,但是并没有提到控制，属于无中生有，排除A。同理，选项D“加强与对手的竞争”，虽提到对手，但是并未提到加强竞争，故排除D。选项B“降低他们网络上的流量”在原文未提及。
37. 本题的关键词是FCC和net neutral rules定位于第二段第三句。此句讲到：美国哥伦比亚特区巡回上诉法院(U.S. Court ofAppeals for the District of ColumbiaCircuit)面临的争议(issue)是联邦通信委员会(FCC)在2017年政党路线投票中(party linevote)通过(adopted)的关于网络中立性(netneutrality)的最新举措。此句不可解题，因此需要理解第四句：这份由共和党起草(penned)的命令(order)不仅取消(eliminate)了2015年民主党占多数(Democraticmajority)时FCC所采用的严格的网络中立性规则，还拒绝了该委员会要求宽带提供商采取大部分措施的权力。同时，第五句依然在讲theorder，该句讲到：该命令还宣布，州和地方政府也(also)不能监管(regulate)宽带提供商。对比四个选项，可得知选项B“采取反监管立场”为最佳选项。选项A“坚持过时的命令”，虽然原文在讲命令，但并没有体现过时，属于无中生有，故排除A。选项C“发布了一项特别决议”，原文并没有体现出特殊性，故排除。选项D“允许州介入”明显与第五句所表达意思相反，属于反向干扰，故排除。
38. 本题的关键词是AT&T定位于第三段第一句。此句讲到：该委员会认为，其他机构将保护自己不受反竞争行为(anti-competitivebehavior)的影响，比如AT&T等提供宽带服务的大企业集团(conglomerate)，牺牲(at the expenseof)了Netflix和苹果电视的利益，转而支持自己的视频流媒体服务(video-streamingservice)。对比四个选项，选项B“采取反竞争行为”为最佳选项。选项A“保护不受不公平竞争的影响”，原文所提为“反竞争”，并非“不公平竞争”，属于无中生有，故排除A。选项C“正被联邦通信委员会调查”，调查在原文出现在第四句：然而，FCC也终止了(ended)对宽带供应商的调查，这些供应商对其竞争对手的流媒体服务施加数据上限(imposedatacaps)，而对他们自己的流媒体服务却没有。但是此句讲的是FCC，而不是AT&T，属于偷换概念，故可以排除C。选项D“最追求高质量的服务”，原文并没有提及，属于无中生有，排除D。
39. 本题的关键词是Judge Patricia Millett和the appeals court’sdecision定位于第四段第一句和第二句。第一句指出：周二，上诉法院(appealscourt)一致(unanimously)支持(upheld)2017年解除(deregulate)对宽带提供商监管的命令，并援引(citing)了最高法院2005年的一项裁决(ruling)，该裁决支持类似的解除监管举措(deregulatorymove)。第二句讲到：但法官帕特里夏·米莱特(Patricia Millett)正确地提出了一致意见(concurringopinion)，认为“这一结果与现代宽带服务的现实脱节(uphinged)了”，并表示国会或最高法院可以进行干预(intervene)，以“避免互联网监管陷入技术过时的困境(technologicalanachronism)”。对比四个选项，选项D“脱离现实”为最佳选项。选项A“关注琐事”和选项B“传达模棱两可的信息”在原文并没有体现，属于无中生有，故排除选项A和B。选项C“和之前的裁决不一致”并非法官帕特里夏·米莱特(PatriciaMillett)在文中第四段第二句主张的观点，故可以排除C。
40. 本题定位至最后一段，题干无关键词，可通过选项定位解题。选项A“国会需要采取行动确保网络中立”与第一句对应：没完没了的法律斗争(endlesslegalbattles)和联邦通信委员会(FCC)的反反复复(back-and-forth)要求国会采取行动(act)，故A为最佳选项。选项B“FCC应该被置于严格的监督之下”与第二句相悖：它需要给予联邦通信委员会明确的权力(explicitauthority)，一劳永复地(once and for all)禁止(bar...from)宽带提供商干预(meddling)其网络上的流量(thetraffic on theirnetwork)，并制定明确的规则来保护网络的开放性和创新，故可排除B。选项C“需要制定规则，使在线服务多样化”，规则(rules)和在线(online)出现在第二句，但是未提多样化(diversify)，属于无中生有，故排除C。选项D“宽带提供商的权利应被保护”，宽带提供商(broadbandproviders)出现在第二句，文中提到禁止宽带提供商干预其网络上的流量，未提到保护权利，故排除D。
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